Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster

Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster

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Prioritizing your safety and satisfaction, we've implemented stringent protocols to ensure each cosmetic injection experience at Manhas Health Co meets the highest standards. Our team's expertise ensures that every angle, every dosage, and every point of injection is meticulously calculated to bring out the best in your features. Just when you thought you knew all there was to know about cosmetic injections, Manhas Health Co. Botulinum toxins in Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster comes highly recommended by clients for its advanced treatments. Imagine walking into Manhas Health Co. in Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster, where your pursuit of natural, youthful skin is met with a bespoke experience tailored just for you. Learn more about Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster here Leveraging cutting-edge technology, Manhas Health Co. elevates your cosmetic treatment experience to new heights.
Using the latest techniques, we minimize discomfort and maximize results, making the experience as pleasant as possible. Learn more about Cosmetic injections in New Westminster here. At Manhas Health Co, every treatment plan is uniquely crafted to match your specific aesthetic goals and personal circumstances. Clients talk about the confidence boost they've received after their treatments, thanking the clinic for making them look and feel their best. At Manhas Health Co., we're not just about administering injections; we're about mastering the technique to enhance your natural beauty subtly and effectively.
Each treatment is tailored to your unique needs, ensuring results that look natural and harmonious with your overall appearance. These technological advancements mean treatments aren't only more effective but also minimally invasive, reducing recovery times and improving outcomes. When you step into their clinic, you're not just entering a world of beauty enhancements; you're embracing an experience that prioritizes your well-being and satisfaction. You're now in an era where aesthetic care is as unique as your fingerprint, thanks to Manhas Health Co.'s innovative approach.
You're guided through every step, from the initial assessment to the final touch-up. When Manhas Health Co. introduced its groundbreaking HydraFacial treatment, it didn't just add another service to its menu; it signaled a transformative shift in aesthetic care in Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster. Should you have any questions or concerns following your treatment, our team is here to support you. This means you'll be treated using the most up-to-date practices and products known for their safety and efficacy.

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At Manhas Health Co., you're guaranteed to find the right injection to achieve your beauty aspirations safely and effectively. What sets Manhas Health Co apart isn't just the breadth of their services but the personalized approach they take with each client. You're not alone in seeking a refreshed look without the tell-tale signs of intervention. Their team of experts also specializes in more advanced treatments, including lip enhancements and facial contouring.

Their team of experts employs the most advanced techniques in the industry, ensuring you receive personalized care that's a cut above the rest. You'll find countless reviews praising the personalized care and attention each client receives, making every visit feel exclusive. Moreover, your comfort and satisfaction are their top priorities.

Your initial consultation plays a crucial role in establishing these personalized plans. But what makes their approach truly unparalleled in the realm of cosmetic enhancements? Botulinum toxin type C1 At Manhas Health Co, we're committed to delivering safe, satisfying results that enhance your natural beauty and boost your confidence.

This commitment means you're not just getting a treatment; you're getting a personalized experience optimized with the latest in cosmetic technology. Post-treatment, he found not just fuller lips but a renewed sense of youthfulness that changed his social dynamics completely.

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Our experts are skilled in crafting strategies that not only aim to enhance your natural beauty but also ensure the outcomes are as you envisioned.

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Botox injections New Westminster

Entity Name Description Source
Botulinum toxin Description for Botulinum toxin Source
Skeletal muscle Description for Skeletal muscle Source
Eyelid Description for Eyelid Source
Eye drop Description for Eye drop Source
Injectable filler Description for Injectable filler Source
Marionette lines Description for Marionette lines Source
Lip Description for Lip Source
Dermatology Description for Dermatology Source
Mohs surgery Description for Mohs surgery Source
Skin cancer Description for Skin cancer Source
Varicose veins Description for Varicose veins Source
Melanocytic nevus Description for Melanocytic nevus Source
Collagen induction therapy Description for Collagen induction therapy Source
Platelet-rich plasma Description for Platelet-rich plasma Source
Pattern hair loss Description for Pattern hair loss Source
Skin care Description for Skin care Source
New Westminster Description for New Westminster Source
British Columbia Description for British Columbia Source
Rhinoplasty Description for Rhinoplasty Source
Masseter muscle Description for Masseter muscle Source
Submental triangle Description for Submental triangle Source
Hair loss Description for Hair loss Source
Scalp Description for Scalp Source
Hair follicle Description for Hair follicle Source
Hyperhidrosis Description for Hyperhidrosis Source
Restylane Description for Restylane Source
Physiology Description for Physiology Source

Wrinkle reduction New Westminster

Richard Clement Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858, at the head of the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, having been hand picked to "found a second England on the shores of the Pacific".  Moody "wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness" and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance, "styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe  Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, New Westminster. Moody and the Royal Engineers were trained in settlement and selected the site because of its defensibility: it was farther from the American border than the site of the colony's proclamation, Fort Langley, possessed "great facilities for communication by water, as well as by future great trunk railways into the interior and possessed an excellent port  Moody was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site, writing in his letter to Blackwood:

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Nearby Tourist Attractions

Surrey Nature Centre

Tourist attraction, Community center, Park
Surrey Nature Centre, 14225 Green Timbers Way, Surrey, BC V3T 0J2
Environmentally focused facility with nature trails, an arboretum & student educational programs.

Old Orchard Park

Tourist attraction, Recreation center, Park
Old Orchard Park, 630 Alderside Rd, Port Moody, BC V3H 3A5

Cates Park

Tourist attraction, Public beach, Park
Cates Park, 4141 Dollarton Hwy, North Vancouver, BC V7G 1A1
Seaside trails with totem poles alongside tennis courts, playgrounds & a picnic area.

Surrey's Big Canadian Flag

Guildford
Tourist attraction
Surrey's Big Canadian Flag, 15250 104 Ave A, Surrey, BC V3R 6N8

Nanaksar Gurdwara Gursikh Temple

Tourist attraction, Gurudwara
Nanaksar Gurdwara Gursikh Temple, 18691 Westminster Hwy, Richmond, BC V6V 1B1


Citations and other links

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We believe in transparency and education, empowering you with the knowledge to make informed choices about your care. With a professional demeanor, let's explore how they're not just following the trends but setting new benchmarks. We don't just provide cookie-cutter treatments; instead, we listen carefully to your concerns and aspirations to create a customized plan that aligns with your specific goals. With Manhas Health Co., your beauty aspirations are in safe, skilled hands.
They've garnered proven client satisfaction through a blend of leading technology and personalized care. You're likely seeking ways to rejuvenate your appearance while ensuring your safety isn't compromised. This personalized approach helps us tailor the treatment to your needs, minimizing risks and maximizing satisfaction.
The future of non-surgical beauty is rapidly evolving, with innovative technologies and treatments promising more personalized and effective solutions. Their team of professionals is not just skilled in the art of injection; they're veritable artists, transforming each client's natural features into a masterpiece of subtle enhancement. Read more about Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster here This ensures that your visit is productive and focused on your specific needs.
We've invested in the latest advancements, ensuring you receive the highest standard of care. Your safety and satisfaction are our top priorities. At Manhas Health Co., you're not just receiving a treatment; you're embarking on a journey towards achieving your ideal aesthetic goals with the guidance of leaders in cosmetic innovation.

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Botox Treatment
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Moreover, these treatments are customizable. Botulinum F toxin The team at Manhas Health Co understands this, ensuring they tailor every treatment plan to match your desires and skin's specific needs. Imagine walking into a clinic where the air is tinged with a sense of innovation and trust, a place where Manhas Health Co. has redefined the landscape of cosmetic injections in Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster. After a few sessions, those lines softened, and so did her self-perception.

That's why they offer a range of skin rejuvenation treatments, from chemical peels to microneedling, aimed at revitalizing your skin and giving it that sought-after glow. You'll find that our practitioners aren't just skilled; they're passionate about what they do. You'll discover a range of cutting-edge options tailored to meet your unique needs, ensuring your results aren't just noticeable but truly transformative.

This trend has trickled down to the public, where the desire to refresh and rejuvenate one's appearance has become increasingly mainstream. Botulism toxin Clinics like Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster's Manhas Health Co. are at the forefront, catering to this rising demand. They're not just offering treatments; they're providing personalized experiences that align with individual aesthetic goals.

They're not just about smoothing out wrinkles; they're about boosting your confidence and ensuring you feel as good as you look. Trust is paramount in cosmetic medicine, and at Manhas Health Co., we're proud to have earned the confidence of countless clients. Building on our unmatched expertise in aesthetics, Manhas Health Co. offers a comprehensive range of cosmetic injection treatments designed to meet your every need.

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Downtown Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster Botox clinic

They also follow a strict protocol for handling and disposing of needles and other disposable equipment, ensuring that every aspect of your visit meets the highest standards of safety. You'll find services tailored specifically to your needs, ensuring that results aren't only effective but also uniquely yours. Instead, you'll start your journey with a thorough consultation where we discuss your desires, assess your skin's condition, and consider your lifestyle factors. If you're unsure about which treatment is right for you, don't worry. Trust us to create a bespoke treatment plan that brings out the best in you, with results that speak for themselves.

You've probably heard stories, but the ones coming out of Manhas Health Co. are especially compelling. It's not just about the results; it's about the journey there, which is made comfortable, informative, and supportive. She's now more outgoing and assertive at work. Moreover, the rise of at-home beauty devices is complementing professional treatments, allowing you to maintain and enhance your results with greater ease.

This focus on technology also helps in reducing the risk of complications, ensuring that your journey to enhanced beauty is as smooth and worry-free as possible. IncobotulinumtoxinA Post-procedure, we provide detailed aftercare instructions and encourage open communication. The positive testimonials from clients who've experienced a noticeable difference in their lives are hard to ignore. You're at the forefront of a revolution in beauty and wellness, where precision meets artistry.

Moreover, with the use of dynamic and static techniques for botulinum toxin injections, they're able to target your concerns more accurately, whether it's reducing wrinkles or preventing new ones from forming. If you prefer, you can also give us a call. At the heart of our practice, the Manhas Health Philosophy prioritizes your well-being above all, ensuring every treatment aligns with your unique health and beauty goals. You're in the hands of experts who not only understand the science behind each procedure but also the art of achieving natural-looking results.

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Whether it's reducing wrinkles, enhancing facial features, or simply rejuvenating their appearance, you'll see how Manhas Health Co. has made a significant, positive impact on their lives.

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At Manhas Health Co., it's not just about the results; it's about how you get there. This step is crucial as it informs the precise amount and type of product needed to enhance your features without overdoing it. This customized approach ensures that every treatment plan is as individual as you are. Your journey with us begins with a thorough consultation, where we listen attentively to what you hope to achieve.

We're here to guide you through the selection of treatments that suit you best, whether it's smoothing out wrinkles, restoring volume, or enhancing facial contours. We'll ask detailed questions about your lifestyle, health history, and any previous cosmetic procedures to ensure we've a comprehensive understanding of your situation. These sophisticated methods minimize discomfort and downtime, making your journey towards beauty as smooth as possible. It's not just about enhancing your appearance; it's about boosting your confidence and ensuring you walk out feeling better than you came in.

Their team of experienced professionals is skilled in administering a variety of treatments, including Botox for dynamic wrinkles and dermal fillers for volume loss and sculpting. You're witnessing a shift in perception, where taking control of your appearance is seen as empowering, not vain. Understanding that every individual's skin and aesthetic aspirations differ, the experts at Manhas Health Co prioritize creating a bespoke treatment strategy just for you. You can indicate your areas of concern in the form, and we'll use this information to tailor your consultation.

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At Manhas Health Co., your aesthetic journey is tailored to fit your unique desires and needs, ensuring a personalized experience from start to finish. Before any treatment begins, you'll undergo a thorough consultation to discuss your aesthetic goals and any concerns you might have. Type F botulinum toxin You've likely observed how influencers and celebrities have played a pivotal role in this shift, normalizing and even glamorizing procedures that were once whispered about. It's here that the foundation for your unique treatment plan is laid, factoring in your skin type, age, facial structure, and the specific cosmetic injections that will best achieve your goals.

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At Manhas Health Co., you're more than just a patient; you're a partner in your journey towards feeling and looking your best. While embracing the forefront of technology in aesthetic care, Manhas Health Co. equally prioritizes the highest standards of safety and excellence in all their procedures.

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As you explore the philosophy behind Manhas Health Co., their bespoke treatment plans, and the transformative stories of their clients, you'll find yourself intrigued by the prospect of achieving a refreshed, rejuvenated look. With their advanced technology, you're in the best hands for cosmetic injections in Cosmetic facial treatments New Westminster.
With Manhas Health Co's advanced injection techniques enhancing your beauty journey, it's no surprise that their client satisfaction rates are unmatched. This dedication to excellence and innovation means you're getting access to cutting-edge treatments that ensure safer, more effective results. Type B botulinum toxin If you're seeking a subtle lift or contour, they've got you covered with precision-placed injections that can enhance your facial features without the need for invasive surgery.
Our clients consistently report high levels of satisfaction with the outcomes of their customized treatment plans. You'll find everything from Botox to dermal fillers, each tailored to enhance your natural beauty and address specific concerns. They offer tailored treatment plans that are meticulously designed to meet your individual needs, employing cutting-edge techniques that prioritize safety and satisfaction.
At Manhas Health Co, your cosmetic journey is shaped by customized treatment plans designed to meet your unique needs and aesthetic goals. Safety and efficacy are our top priorities, ensuring you receive the highest standard of care with results that speak for themselves. Stick around as we uncover the layers of care, expertise, and innovation that define their practice.

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Wrinkles on the face and hands are a typical sign of aging

A wrinkle, also known as a rhytid, is a fold, ridge or crease in an otherwise smooth surface, such as on skin or fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of ageing processes such as glycation,[1] habitual sleeping positions,[2] loss of body mass, sun damage,[3] or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.[4] In humans, it can also be prevented to some degree by avoiding excessive solar exposure and through diet (in particular through consumption of carotenoids, tocopherols and flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, D and E), essential omega-3-fatty acids, certain proteins and lactobacilli).[5]

Skin

[edit]

Causes for aging wrinkles

[edit]
A woman of European origin with facial wrinkles

Development of facial wrinkles is a kind of fibrosis of the skin. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that wrinkles develop from incorrect repairs of injured elastic fibers and collagen fibers.[6][7][8] Repeated extensions and compressions of the skin cause repeated injuries of extracellular fibers in derma. During the repairing process, some of the broken elastic fibers and collagen fibers are not regenerated and restored but replaced by altered fibers. When an elastic fiber is broken in an extended state, it may be replaced by a "long" collagen fiber. Accumulation of "long" collagen fibers makes part of the skin looser and stiffer, and as a consequence, a big fold of skin appears. When a "long" collagen is broken in a compressed state, it may be replaced by a "short" collagen fiber. The "shorter" collagen fibers will restrict the extension of "longer" fibers, and make the “long" fibers in a folding state permanently. A small fold, namely a permanent wrinkle, then appears.

Sleep wrinkles

[edit]

Sleep wrinkles are created and reinforced when the face is compressed against a pillow or bed surface in side or stomach sleeping positions during sleep.[9] They appear in predictable locations due to the underlying superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), and are usually distinct from wrinkles of facial expression.[10] As with wrinkles of facial expression, sleep wrinkles can deepen and become permanent over time, unless the habitual sleeping positions which cause the wrinkles are altered.[11]

Water-immersion wrinkling

[edit]
A wrinkled finger after a warm bath

The wrinkles that occur in skin over prolonged exposure to water are sometimes referred to as pruney fingers or water aging. This is a temporary skin condition where the skin on the palms of the hand or feet becomes wrinkly. This wrinkling response may have imparted an evolutionary benefit by providing improved traction in wet conditions,[12] and a better grasp of wet objects.[13] These results were called into question by a 2014 study that failed to reproduce any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.[14] However, a 2020 study of gripping efficiency found that wrinkles decreased the force required to grip wet objects by 20%, supporting the traction hypothesis.[15]

Prior to a 1935 study, the common explanation was based on water absorption in the keratin-laden epithelial skin when immersed in water,[16] causing the skin to expand and resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle. Usually the tips of the fingers and toes are the first to wrinkle because of a thicker layer of keratin and an absence of hairs which secrete the protective oil called sebum.

Adult sole showing water immersion wrinkling

In the 1935 study, however, Lewis and Pickering were studying patients with palsy of the median nerve when they discovered that skin wrinkling did not occur in the areas of the patients' skin normally innervated by the damaged nerve. This suggested that the nervous system plays an essential role in wrinkling, so the phenomenon could not be entirely explained simply by water absorption. Recent research shows that wrinkling is related to vasoconstriction.[17][18] Water probably initiates the wrinkling process by altering the balance of electrolytes in the skin as it diffuses into the hands and soles via their many sweat ducts. This could alter the stability of the membranes of the many neurons that synapse on the many blood vessels underneath skin, causing them to fire more rapidly. Increased neuronal firing causes blood vessels to constrict, decreasing the amount of fluid underneath the skin. This decrease in fluid would cause a decrease in tension, causing the skin to become wrinkly.[19]

This insight resulted in bedside tests for nerve damage and vasoconstriction. Wrinkling is often scored with immersion of the hands for 30 minutes in water or EMLA cream with measurements steps of 5 minutes, and counting the number of visible wrinkles in time. Not all healthy persons have finger wrinkling after immersion, so it would be safe to say that sympathetic function is preserved if finger wrinkling after immersion in water is observed, but if the fingers emerge smooth it cannot be assumed that there is a lesion to the autonomic supply or to the peripheral nerves of the hand.[20]

Other animals with wrinkles

[edit]

Examples of wrinkles can be found in various animal species that grow loose, excess skin, particularly when they are young. Several breeds of dog, such as the Pug and the Shar Pei, have been bred to exaggerate this trait. In dogs bred for fighting, this is the result of selection for loose skin, which confers a protective advantage.[21]

Techniques for reducing the appearance of aging wrinkles

[edit]
A man receiving a botox injection

Current evidence suggests that tretinoin decreases cohesiveness of follicular epithelial cells, although the exact mode of action is unknown. Additionally, tretinoin stimulates mitotic activity and increased turnover of follicular epithelial cells.[22] Tretinoin is better known by the brand name Retin-A.

Topical glycosaminoglycans supplements can help to provide temporary restoration of enzyme balance to slow or prevent matrix breakdown and consequent onset of wrinkle formation. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are produced by the body to maintain structural integrity in tissues and to maintain fluid balance. Hyaluronic acid is a type of GAG that promotes collagen synthesis, repair, and hydration. GAGs serve as a natural moisturizer and lubricant between epidermal cells to inhibit the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Dermal fillers are injectable products frequently used to correct wrinkles, and other depressions in the skin. They are often a kind of soft tissue designed to enable injection into the skin for purposes of improving the appearance. The most common products are based on hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite.

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum toxin manufactured by Allergan for both therapeutic and cosmetic use. Besides its cosmetic application, Botox is used in the treatment of other conditions including migraine headache and cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis) (a neuromuscular disorder involving the head and neck).[23]

Dysport, manufactured by Ipsen, received FDA approval and is now used to treat cervical dystonia as well as glabellar lines in adults. In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA approval for medical indications in 2010 and cosmetic indications in 2011.

Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of all wrinkles; it is indicated for the treatment of glabellar lines (between the eyebrows) in adults. Any other usage is not approved by the FDA and is considered off-label use.

Laser resurfacing is FDA-cleared skin resurfacing procedure in which lasers are used to improve the condition of the skin.[citation needed] Two types of lasers are used to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the face; laser ablation, which removes thin layers of skin, and nonablative lasers that stimulate collagen production. Nonablative lasers are less effective than ablative ones but they are less invasive and recovery time is short. After the procedure people experience temporary redness, itching and swelling.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Danby, FW (Jul–Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. 28 (4): 409–411. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.018. PMID 20620757.
  2. ^ American Academy of Dermatology. "Causes of Aging". AgingSkinNet. American Academy of Dermatology. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  3. ^ Cosmetic Procedures for Wrinkles
  4. ^ Anderson, Laurence. 2006. Looking Good, the Australian guide to skin care, cosmetic medicine and cosmetic surgery. AMPCo. Sydney. ISBN 0-85557-044-X.
  5. ^ Schagen, S. K.; Zampeli, V. A.; Makrantonaki, E.; Zouboulis, C. C. (2012). "Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging". Dermato-Endocrinology. 4 (3): 298–307. doi:10.4161/derm.22876. PMC 3583891. PMID 23467449.
  6. ^ Wang, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas; Wunderlin, Arne; Mahadeva, Ravi (2009). "Aging as a consequence of Misrepair—a novel theory of aging". arXiv:0904.0575 [q-bio.TO].
  7. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Aging as a process of accumulation of Misrepairs". arXiv:1503.07163 [q-bio.TO].
  8. ^ Wang-Michelitsch, Jicun; Michelitsch, Thomas (2015). "Tissue fibrosis: a principal evidence for the central role of Misrepairs in aging". arXiv:1505.01376 [q-bio.TO].
  9. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  10. ^ Fulton, James E.; Gaminchi, F. (1999). "Sleep Lines". Dermatol Surg. 25 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.08073.x. PMID 9935097.
  11. ^ Sarifakioglu, Nedim; Terzioglu, A.; Ates, L.; Aslan, G. (2004). "A New Phenomenon: 'Sleep Lines' on the Face". Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 38 (4): 244–247 [246]. doi:10.1080/02844310410027257. PMID 15370809. S2CID 25307487.
  12. ^ Mark Changizi; Romann Weber; Ritesh Kotecha; Joseph Palazzo (2011). "Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 77 (4): 286–90. doi:10.1159/000328223. PMID 21701145.
  13. ^ Kareklas, Kyriacos; Nettle, Daniel; Smulders, Tom V (January 9, 2013). "Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects". Biol. Lett. 9 (2): 20120999. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999. PMC 3639753. PMID 23302867.
  14. ^ Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.). "Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e84949. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...984949H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949. PMC 3885627. PMID 24416318.
  15. ^ Davis, N. (8 November 2020). "Water-immersion finger-wrinkling improves grip efficiency in handling wet objects". bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.11.07.372631.
  16. ^ "Dr Karl's Homework – Skin Wrinkles in Water (26/1/2000)". Abc.net.au. 2000-01-26. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  17. ^ Einar P.V. Wilder-Smith; Adeline Chow (2003). "Water-immersion wrinkeling is due to vasoconstriction". Muscle & Nerve. 27 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/mus.10323. PMID 12635117. S2CID 45193684.
  18. ^ Einar P. V. Wilder-Smith (2004). "Water immersion wrinkling". Clinical Autonomic Research. 14 (2): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s10286-004-0172-4. PMID 15095056. S2CID 44938772.
  19. ^ H. Zhai, K.P. Whilem H. L. Maibach (2007). Dermatotoxicology. pp. 280–281.
  20. ^ G Alvarez, J Eurolo; P Canales (1980). "Finger wrinkling after immersion in water". British Medical Journal. 281 (6240): 586–587. doi:10.1136/bmj.281.6240.586-a. PMC 1713922. PMID 7427379.
  21. ^ The Dog Encyclopedia: The Definitive Visual Guide. Penguin. 15 August 2023. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7440-8513-6.
  22. ^ Stefanaki C, Stratigos A, Katsambas A (June 2005). "Topical retinoids in the treatment of photoaging". J Cosmet Dermatol. 4 (2): 130–4. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2005.40215.x. PMID 17166212. S2CID 44702740.
  23. ^ Brin MF, Lew MF, Adler CH, Comella CL, Factor SA, Jankovic J, O'Brien C, Murray JJ, Wallace JD, Willmer-Hulme A, Koller M (1999). "Safety and efficacy of NeuroBloc (botulinum toxin type B) in type A-resistant cervical dystonia". Neurology. 53 (7): 1431–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.53.7.1431. PMID 10534247.
[edit]

Military Policlinic in Legionowo, Poland

A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health facility that is primarily focused on the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded. They typically cover the primary care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer more specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.

Most commonly, the English word clinic refers to a general practice, run by one or more general practitioners offering small therapeutic treatments, but it can also mean a specialist clinic. Some clinics retain the name "clinic" even while growing into institutions as large as major hospitals or becoming associated with a hospital or medical school.

Etymology

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The entrance to a surgery clinic in Greenwich, London

The word clinic derives from Ancient Greek κλίνειν klinein meaning to slope, lean or recline. Hence κλίνη klinē is a couch or bed and κλινικός klinikos is a physician who visits his patients in their beds.[1] In Latin, this became clīnicus.[2][3]

An early use of the word clinic was "one who receives baptism on a sick bed".[4]

Overview

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A medpunkt (health care access point) delivers primary health care to the residents of the village of Veliki Vrag, Russia.

Clinics are often associated with a general medical practice run by one or several general practitioners. Other types of clinics are run by the type of specialist associated with that type: physical therapy clinics by physiotherapists and psychology clinics by clinical psychologists, and so on for each health profession. (This can even hold true for certain services outside the medical field: for example, legal clinics are run by lawyers.)

Some clinics are operated in-house by employers, government organizations, or hospitals, and some clinical services are outsourced to private corporations which specialize in providing health services. In China, for example, owners of such clinics do not have formal medical education. There were 659,596 village clinics in China in 2011.[5]

Health care in India, China, Russia and Africa is provided to those regions' vast rural areas by mobile health clinics or roadside dispensaries, some of which integrate traditional medicine. In India these traditional clinics provide ayurvedic medicine and unani herbal medical practice. In each of these countries, traditional medicine tends to be a hereditary practice.

Function

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Policlinic in Karl-Marx-Stadt, German Democratic Republic

The function of clinics differs from country to country. For instance, a local general practice run by a single general practitioner provides primary health care and is usually run as a for-profit business by the owner, whereas a government-run specialist clinic may provide subsidized or specialized[dubiousdiscuss] health care.

Some clinics serve as a place for people with injuries or illnesses to be seen by a triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be serious enough to require a visit to an emergency room (ER), but the person can be transferred to one if needed.

Treatment at these clinics is often less expensive than it would be at a casualty department. Also, unlike an ER these clinics are often not open on a 24/7/365 basis. They sometimes have access to diagnostic equipment such as X-ray machines, especially if the clinic is part of a larger facility. Doctors at such clinics can often refer patients to specialists if the need arises.[6]

Large outpatient clinics

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Children Policlinic in Novokosino District of Moscow

Large outpatient clinics vary in size, but can be as large as hospitals.

Function

[edit]

Typical large outpatient clinics house general medical practitioners (GPs) such as doctors and nurses to provide ambulatory care and some acute care services but lack the major surgical and pre- and post-operative care facilities commonly associated with hospitals.

Policlinic in Vilnius-Karoliniškės, Lithuania

Besides GPs, if a clinic is a polyclinic, it can house outpatient departments of some medical specialties, such as gynecology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, neurology, pulmonology, cardiology, and endocrinology. In some university cities, polyclinics contain outpatient departments for the entire teaching hospital in one building.

Internationally

[edit]
Policlinic in Písek, Czech Republic

Large outpatient clinics are a common type of healthcare facility in many countries, including France, Germany (long tradition), Switzerland, and most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (often using a mixed Soviet-German model), as well as in former Soviet republics such as Russia and Ukraine;[7] and in many countries across Asia and Africa.[8]

In Europe, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe, bigger outpatient health centers, commonly in cities and towns, are called policlinics (derived from the word polis, not from poly-).

Recent[when?] Russian governments have attempted to replace the policlinic model introduced during Soviet times with a more western model. However, this has failed.[9]

In the Czech Republic, many policlinics were privatized or leasehold and decentralized in the post-communist era: some of them are just lessors and coordinators of a healthcare provided by private doctor's offices in the policlinic building.[10]

India has also set up huge numbers of polyclinics for former defense personnel. The network envisages 426 polyclinics in 343 districts of the country which will benefit about 33 lakh (3.3 million) ex-servicemen residing in remote and far-flung areas.[11]

Policlinics are also the backbone of Cuba's primary care system and have been credited with a role in improving that nation's health indicators.[12]

Mobile clinics

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Hinduja National Hospital's mobile clinic
A mobile health clinic operated from a truck

Providing health services through mobile clinics provides accessible healthcare services to these remote areas that have yet to make their way in the politicized space. For example, mobile clinics have proved helpful in dealing with new settlement patterns in Costa Rica. Before foreign aid organizations or the state government became involved in healthcare, Costa Rica's people managed their own health maintenance and protection.[13] People relied on various socio-cultural adaptations and remedies to prevent illnesses, such as personal hygiene and settlement patterns.[13] When new settlements that sprang up along the coast became "artificial" communities, and due to lack of traditional home healing practices here, alternative methods such as mobile clinics had to be implemented in these communities for the protection and prevention of diseases.[13]

A study done in rural Namibia revealed the health changes of orphans, vulnerable children and non-vulnerable children (OVC) visiting a mobile clinic where health facilities are far from the remote villages.[14] Over 6 months, information on immunization status, diagnosis of anemia, skin and intestinal disorders, nutrition, dental disorders was collected and showed that visits to mobile clinics improved the overall health of children that visited regularly. It concluded that specified "planning of these programs in areas with similarly identified barriers may help correct the health disparities among Namibian OVC and could be a first step in improving child morbidity and mortality in difficult-to-reach rural areas."[14]

A mobile clinic run from a pickup truck in Yemen

Food supplementation in the context of routine mobile clinic visits also shows to have improved the nutritional status of children, and it needs further exploration as a way to reduce childhood malnutrition in resource-scarce areas. A cross-sectional study focussed on comparing acute and chronic undernutrition rates prior to and after a food-supplementation program as an adjunct to routine health care for children of migrant workers residing in rural communities in the Dominican Republic.[15] Rates of chronic undernutrition decreased from 33% to 18% after the initiation of the food-supplementation program and shows that the community members attending the mobile clinics are not just passively receiving the information but are incorporating it and helping keep their children nourished.[15]

Types

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Storefront clinic in Manhattan

There are many different types of clinics providing outpatient services. Such clinics may be public (government-funded) or private medical practices.

  • A CLSC are in Quebec; they are a type of free clinic funded by the provincial government; they provide service not covered by Canada's healthcare plan including social workers
  • In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low-cost healthcare for those with little or without insurance.
  • A retail-based clinic is housed in supermarkets and similar retail outlets providing walk-in health care, which may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
  • A general out-patient clinic offers general diagnoses or treatments without an overnight stay.
  • A polyclinic or policlinic provides a range of healthcare services (including diagnostics) without need of an overnight stay
  • A specialist clinic provides advanced diagnostic or treatment services for specific diseases or parts of the body. This type contrasts with general out-patient clinics.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ κλινικός in A Greek–English Lexicon. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  2. ^ clinicus in A Latin Dictionary. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ^ Partridge, Eric. Origins: A short etymological dictionary of modern English. Book Club Associates, 1966.
  4. ^ Clinic, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913.
  5. ^ "Statistical Communiqué on the 2011 National Economic and Social Development". stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  6. ^ "Clinic search engine tools to find the right Clinic". 123 clinic. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  7. ^ NLH – Health Management – Policlinics. Retrieved 3 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ Google
  9. ^ Ershova I, Rider O, Gorelov V (December 2007). "Policlinics in London". Lancet. 370 (9603): 1890–1. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61793-0. PMID 18068500. S2CID 43512994.
  10. ^ David Rath: Trnitá cesta privatizace českého zdravotnictví, Hospodářské noviny, 10 September 1996
  11. ^ "199 Additional Polyclinics For Ex-Servicemen". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cuba's primary health care revolution: 30 years on, Bulletin of the World Health Organization
  13. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynn M. (February 1993). Community Participation in Health: The Politics of Primary Care in Costa Rica. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511558092. ISBN 978-0-521-41898-0. Retrieved 8 May 2020. cite book: |website= ignored (help)
  14. ^ a b Aneni, Ehimen; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Hanson, Laura; Rijnen, Bas; Brenan, Alana T.; Feeley, Frank G. (2013). "Mobile primary healthcare services and health outcomes of children in rural Namibia". Rural and Remote Health. 13 (3): 2380. ISSN 1445-6354. PMID 24016257.
  15. ^ a b Parikh, Kavita; Marein-Efron, Gabriela; Huang, Shirley; O'Hare, Geraldine; Finalle, Rodney; Shah, Samir S. (September 2010). "Nutritional Status of Children after a Food-Supplementation Program Integrated with Routine Health Care through Mobile Clinics in Migrant Communities in the Dominican Republic". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 83 (3): 559–564. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0485. ISSN 0002-9637. PMC 2929051. PMID 20810820.

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